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41 Q670750 | Inglês, UFPR Vestibular UFPR, UFPR, FUNPAR UFPR

Texto associado.
O texto a seguir é referência para a questão.

Ancient dreams of intelligent machines: 3,000 years of robots

    The French philosopher René Descartes was reputedly fond of automata: they inspired his view that living things were biological machines that function like clockwork. Less known is a strange story that began to circulate after the philosopher’s death in 1650. This centred on Descartes’s daughter Francine, who died of scarlet fever at the age of five.
    According to the tale, a distraught Descartes had a clockwork Francine made: a walking, talking simulacrum. When Queen Christina invited the philosopher to Sweden in 1649, he sailed with the automaton concealed in a casket. Suspicious sailors forced the trunk open; when the mechanical child sat up to greet them, the horrified crew threw it overboard.
    The story is probably apocryphal. But it sums up the hopes and fears that have been associated with human-like machines for nearly three millennia. Those who build such devices do so in the hope that they will overcome natural limits – in Descartes’s case, death itself. But this very unnaturalness terrifies and repulses others. In our era of advanced robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), those polarized responses persist, with pundits and the public applauding or warning against each advance. Digging into the deep history of intelligent machines, both real and imagined, we see how these attitudes evolved: from fantasies of trusty mechanical helpers to fears that runaway advances in technology might lead to creatures that supersede humanity itself.

(Disponível em: .)

According to the text, it is correct to say that René Descartes:

42 Q25109 | Inglês, Vestibular USP, USP, FUVEST

Texto associado.
Working for on demand startups like Uber and TaskRabbit is supposed to offer flexible hours and higher wages, but many workers have found the pay lower and the hours less flexible than they expected. Even more surprising: 8 percent of those chauffeuring passengers and 16 percent of those making deliveries said they lack personal autoinsurance.

Those are among the findings from a survey about the work life of independent contractors for on-demand startups, a booming sector of the tech industry, being released Wednesday.

"We want to shed light on the industry as a whole," said Isaac Madan, a Stanford master s candidate in bioinformatics who worked with two other Stanford students and a recent alumnus on the survey of 1,330 workers. "People need to understand how this space will change and evolve and help the economy."

On-demand, often called the sharing economy, refers to companies that let users summon workers via smartphone apps to handle all manner of services: rides, cleaning, chores, deliveries, car parking, waiting in lines. Almost uniformly, those workers are independent contractors rather than salaried employees.

That status is the main point of contention in a recent rash of lawsuits in which workers are filing for employee status. While the survey did not directly ask

contractors if they would prefer to be employees, it found that their top workplace desires were to have paid health insurance, retirement benefits and paid time off for holidays, vacation and sick days - all perks of full time workers. Respondents also expressed interest in having more chances for advancement, education sponsorship, disability insurance and human relations support. Because respondents were recruited rather than randomly selected, the survey does not claim to be representational but a conclusion one may come to is that flexibility ofnew jobs comes with a cost. Not all workers are prepared for that!

SFChronicle.com and SFGate.com, May 20, 2015. Adaptado
Outro resultado da mesma pesquisa indica que

43 Q670759 | Inglês, Vestibular UERJ, UERJ, UERJ

Texto associado.
The effect of climate change on epidemic risk
The potential impacts of climate change have returned to headlines in recent weeks as scientists,
activists and policy makers try to understand the possible implications of a warming planet. While
rising temperatures and sea levels are important to be considered, changing climate patterns can
have vast implications for epidemic risk as well.
5 Changes in global climate patterns have been widely discussed; however, rising temperatures
also have implications for risk reduction and management, including impacts on infectious disease
epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever recorded and 2017 following suit, we anticipate a
continued growth in the distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes and ticks. These can
spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and dengue to areas where they previously could not be
10 effectively transmitted.
As predicted by climate scientists, increases in extreme weather events may also lead to increases
in infectious disease outbreaks. Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of natural
disasters, which can lead to displaced and crowded populations, the ideal situation for infection
transmission. Severe rainfall or flooding is particularly effective at creating environments suitable
15 for the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases, such as measles or cholera.
Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe, significant variation in weather patterns
can result in changes in human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for pathogens to
move from animals into human populations. For example, unusually heavy rains may predispose
regions to ebola outbreaks by creating more favorable environments for bats hosting the virus.
20 Similarly, food scarcity brought about by drought, political instability or animal disease may lead to
more animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for ebola virus epidemic.
It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on epidemic risk, but it is equally
important to prepare for its impact on global health. The global health community has largely come
to realize that public health preparedness is crucial to responding efficiently to infectious disease
25 outbreaks. For this reason, our work is, then, centered around helping governments manage and
quantify infectious disease risk. Besides, regardless of weather patterns, insights into epidemics
and into mechanisms for ensuring adequate support are critical for managing this risk.
Since the public health community agrees that the question is not if another outbreak will happen,
but when, the steps we take in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the increasing frequency
of outbreaks will determine the broader implications these diseases have on our world.
contagionlive.com
One of the marked characteristics of scientific texts is the presence of passive voice.
An example from the text that illustrates this characteristic is indicated in:

44 Q670836 | Inglês, UNICAMP Vestibular UNICAMP, UNICAMP, COMVEST

Texto associado.
‘Yes, I’m Italian – but I’m not loud, I don’t gesticulate and I’m not good with pizza’ Elena Ferrante
I love my country, but I have no patriotic spirit and no national pride. What’s more, I digest pizza poorly, I eat very little spaghetti, I don’t speak in a loud voice, I don’t gesticulate, I hate all mafias, I don’t exclaim “Mamma mia!” National characteristics are simplifications that should be contested. Being Italian, for me, begins and ends with the fact that I speak and write in the Italian language.
Put that way it doesn’t seem like much, but really it’s a lot. A language is a compendium of the history, geography, material and spiritual life, the vices and virtues, not only of those who speak it, but also of those who have spoken it through the centuries. When I say that I’m Italian because I write in Italian, I mean that I’m fully Italian in the only way that I’m willing to attribute to myself a nationality. I don’t like the other ways, especially when they become nationalism, chauvinism, and imperialism.
(Adaptado de Elena Ferrante, ‘Yes, I´m Italian – but I´m not loud, I don´t gesticulate and I´m not good with pizza’, The Guardian, 24/02/2018.)
Transcrevem-se, a seguir, versos de canções brasileiras e de um poema de Vinícius de Moraes. Assinale a alternativa que melhor exemplifica as afirmações de Elena Ferrante.

45 Q19213 | Inglês, Vestibular IME, IME, EB

Not only _____________ his house, but his wife also walked out on him.

46 Q668674 | Inglês, Vestibular ENEM, ENEM, INEP

Letters


Children and Guns

Published: May 7, 2013

To the Editor: Re “Girl’s Death by Gunshot Is Rejected as Symbol” (news article, May 6):


I find it abhorrent that the people of Burkesville, Ky., are not willing to learn a lesson from the tragic shooting of a 2-year-old girl by her 5-year-old brother. I am not judging their lifestyle of introducing guns to children at a young age, but I do feel that it’s irresponsible not to practice basic safety with anything potentially lethal — guns, knives, fire and so on. How can anyone justify leaving guns lying around, unlocked and possibly loaded, in a home with two young children? I wish the family of the victim comfort during this difficult time, but to dismiss this as a simple accident leaves open the potential for many more such “accidents” to occur. I hope this doesn’t have to happen several more times for legislators to realize that something needs to be changed.

EMILY LOUBATON

Brooklyn, May 6, 2013

Disponível em: www.nytimes.com. Acesso em: 10 maio 2013.


No que diz respeito à tragédia ocorrida em Burkesville, a autora da carta enviada ao The New York Times busca

47 Q668697 | Inglês, Vestibular ENEM, ENEM, INEP

Texto associado.
Do one thing for diversity and inclusion
The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) is launching a campaign aimed at engaging people around
the world to Do One Thing to support Cultural Diversity and Inclusion. Every one of us can do ONE thing for diversity
and inclusion; even one very little thing can become a global action if we all take part in it.
Simple things YOU can do to celebrate the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
on May 21.
1. Visit an art exhibit or a museum dedicated to other cultures.
2. Read about the great thinkers of other cultures.
3. Visit a place of worship different than yours and participate in the celebration.
4. Spread your own culture around the world and learn about other cultures.
5. Explore music of a different culture.
There are thousands of things that you can do, are you taking part in it?
UNITED NATIONS ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS. Disponível em: www.unaoc.org. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2013 (adaptado).
Internautas costumam manifestar suas opiniões sobre artigos on-line por meio da postagem de comentários. O comentário que exemplifica o engajamento proposto na quarta dica da campanha apresentada no texto é:

48 Q669444 | Inglês, Vestibular UNICAMP, UNICAMP, COMVEST

Texto associado.

Para as questões 36 e 37, leia o texto abaixo.

Advice for new students from those who know (old students)
The first day of college I was a ball of nerves. I remember
walking into my first class and running to the first seat I
found, thinking everyone would be staring at me. But
nobody seemed to notice and then it hit me: The fact that
nobody knew me meant nobody would judge, which, upon
reflection, was what I was scared of the most. I told myself
to let go. All along the year, I forced myself into situations
that were uncomfortable for me – for example, auditioning
for a dance piece. Believe it or not, that performance was a
highlight of my freshman year. My advice: challenge
yourself to try something new, something you couldn’t have
done in high school. – Ria Jagasia, Vanderbilt University,
’18.

(Adaptado de http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/ education/edlife/
advice-for-new-students-from-those-who-know-old-students.html?ref=
edlife.)


No primeiro dia de faculdade, Ria ficou muito nervosa

49 Q668266 | Inglês, Vestibular ENEM, ENEM, INEP

Atitlán

El lago Atitlán está situado en el centro de América, en Guatemala. Su belleza es extraordinaria y tiene un gran interés social. En sus márgenes conviven tres culturas: la indígena, la española y la mestiza. Presididos por tres majestuosos volcanes (el Atitlán, el Tolimán y el San Pedro), trece pueblos bordean el lago. Los habitantes del lago son en su mayoría indígenas, aunque crece el porcentaje de ladinos (mestizos). Un buen número de extranjeros – misioneros o investigadores – comparte en los pueblitos la forma de vida de los nativos. A partir de los años setenta, numerosas colonias de hippies se asientan en Atitlán. Jóvenes de todo el mundo, atraídos por el paisaje, el clima semitropical y la sencillez de la vida de los indios, acampan cerca del lago. Además, muchos comerciantes guatemaltecos y extranjeros se han instalado en el pueblo de Panajachel para establecer diversos negocios hoteleros, deportivos y artesanales. A cada día el lago Atitlán atrae a sus costas a más turistas y científicos. Unos llegan buscando sossiego ante el espejismo del lago; otros van a mezclarse con los orgullosos y apacibles indígenas en iglesias y mercados; muchos atraviesan el lago para recorrer los diferentes pueblos y para recrearse en la variada indumentaria de sus habitantes; otros estudian las diferentes lenguas y dialectos que se hablan en la zona y muchos investigan con pasión la rica fauna del lago y de las tierras volcánicas. Realmente, es impresionante la convivencia de tantas etnías y culturas. En el corazón de América hay un lago y unos volcanes que son símbolo y reflejo de lo que es Hispanoamérica: un mosaico de culturas y un ejemplo de convivencia.
SUÁREZ, M.; PICO DE COAÑA, M. Sobre iberoamérica. Madrid: Ediciones SM, 1998.
De acordo com o texto, a região do entorno do Lago Atitlán, na Guatemala, é de grande relevância social por representar o(a)

50 Q669939 | Inglês, UFRGS Vestibular 1 dia UFRGS, UFRGS, UFRGS

Texto associado.
The complex linguistic universe of
Game of Thrones
Game of Thrones has garnered 38 Emmy
awards for its portrayal of a world of sex,
violence and politics so real that some viewers
could imagine moving there. Part of that detail
has been the creation of the richest linguistic
universe since J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth.
In the field of language-creation for fictional
worlds, there is Tolkien, and there is everybody
else. But David Peterson, the language-smith
of Game of Thrones , comes a close second for
the amount of thought put into its two
languages, Dothraki and Valyrian. The interest
in these tongues is such that a textbook for
learning Dothraki has been published, while
Duolingo, a popular online language-learning
platform, now offers a course in High Valyrian.
Inspired by fictional languages such as those
in the Star Wars films and with a master’s
degree in linguistics, Peterson made Dothraki
and Valyrian as rich and realistic as possible.
Creating words is the easy part; anyone can
string together nonsense syllables. But
Peterson, like Tolkien, took the trouble to give
his words etymologies and cousins, so that
the word for “feud” is related to the words
“blood” and “fight”. To make the languages
pronounceable but clearly foreign, he put
non-English sounds in high-frequency words
(like khaleesi , or queen), put the stress in
typically non-English places, and had words
begin with combinations of sounds that are
impossible in English, like hr .
Armed with a knowledge of common linguistic
sound changes, he gives his languages the
kinds of irregularities and disorder that arise in
the real world: High Valyrian’s obar
(“curve”) becomes Astapori Valyrian’s uvor .
Words’ meanings—as in real life—drift, too,
giving the system more realistic messiness.
Languages also play a prominent role in the
storyline. Dothraki is the guttural language of
a horse-borne warrior nation, but high-born
Daenerys Targaryen does not look down on it;
methodically learning it is key to her rise.
Tyrion Lannister is left to administer the city
of Mereen despite his ropy command of
Valyrian, leading to some comic moments.
And a prophecy of a future hero acquires new
meaning when an interpreter explains that the
word in question is ambiguous in Valyrian—it
could be “prince” or “princess”.
It might seem odd that a highly sexist society
like the one of Game of Thrones would have
languages where sex roles were not clearly
marked, but languages are not always perfect
vehicles for a culture. Random change can
leave them with too many words for one
concept, and not enough for another. In this
way, the flawed nature of language reflects
the foibles of flawed humans and the
imperfect worlds they strive to create.
Adaptado de:
21725752-dothraki-and-valyrian-are-mostconvincing-
fictional-tongues-elvish>.
Acesso em: 21 nov. 2017.
Considere as possibilidades de reescrita do segmento Inspired by fictional languages such as those in the Star Wars films, Peterson made Dothraki and Valyrian as rich and realistic as possible. 
I - Peterson, inspired by fictional languages such as those in the Star Wars films, made Dothraki and Valyrian as rich and realistic as possible. 
II - Being as rich and realistic as possible, Peterson made Dothraki and Valyrian inspired by fictional languages such as those in the Star Wars films. 
III- Fictional languages in the Star Wars films inspired Peterson to make Dothraki and Valyrian as rich and realistic as possible. 
Quais poderiam substituir o segmento destacado, sem prejuízo do sentido original e da correção gramatical?
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