Questões de Vestibular: ABEPRO

Contextualização na escrita

É preciso fazer distinção entre contexto de produção e contexto de uso. No caso da interação face a face, eles coincidem, mas, no caso da escrita, não. Nesta, o mais importante para a interpretação é o contexto de uso.

O sentido de um texto, qualquer que seja a situação comunicativa, não depende apenas da estrutura textual em si mesma (daí a metáfora do texto como um iceberg). Os objetos de discurso a que o texto faz referência são apresentados em grande parte de forma incompleta, permanecendo muita coisa implícita.

O produtor do texto pressupõe da parte do leitor/ ouvinte conhecimentos textuais, situacionais e enciclopédicos e, orientando-se pelo Princípio da Economia, não explicita as informações consideradas redundantes ou desnecessárias. Ou seja, visto que não existem textos totalmente explícitos, o produtor de um texto necessita proceder ao “balanceamento” do que necessita ser explicitado textualmente e do que pode permanecer implícito, supondo que o interlocutor poderá recuperar essa informação por meio de inferências.

Vejamos – como exemplo – o texto a seguir que pressupõe, por parte do leitor, a produção de inferências, para obtenção do efeito de humor pretendido.

A secretária da escola atende ao telefone.

– Alô.

– Meu filho está muito gripado e não vai poder ir à escola hoje.

– Quem está falando?

– Quem tá falando é o meu pai.

KOCH, I. V.; ELIAS, V. M. Ler e compreender os sentidos do texto. São Paulo: Contexto, 2006. p.71-72. Adaptado.

De Newton à Nature

Na ciência, não basta descobrir, é preciso contar aos outros o que você descobriu. Copérnico, Galileu e Newton, por exemplo, escreviam livros técnicos, relatando suas experiências e resultados. Com o tempo, a divulgação passou a acontecer menos por livros e mais por artigos científicos – peças curtas, publicadas em revistas e periódicos especializados.

As primeiras revistas científicas, lá no século XVIII, não tinham fins lucrativos. Mas com o aumento dos investimentos públicos nos laboratórios, a partir da década de 1950, as universidades passaram a ter muito mais pesquisadores. São todos funcionários com carteira assinada, que precisam mostrar serviço – e que recebem avaliações de desempenho. Para fazer essas avaliações, a comunidade acadêmica adotou basicamente dois critérios: a quantidade de artigos científicos publicados em revistas – um suposto sinal de produtividade e dedicação – e o número de vezes em que esses artigos são citados em outros artigos – o que, em teoria, é uma evidência de que o trabalho foi relevante e influente.

Pois bem. Os cientistas não querem lucro, só divulgação. Então entregam o material de graça. Na outra ponta da equação, há as universidades, que não têm outra opção a não ser pagar o que as editoras pedem para ter acesso às pesquisas mais importantes (afinal, um pesquisador só consegue trabalhar se puder ler o trabalho de outros pesquisadores). Isso deu origem a um modelo de negócio sem igual: você, dono da editora de periódicos científicos, recebe conteúdo de graça e vende a um público disposto a pagar muito. Criaram-se grifes da ciência: periódicos muito seletivos, que só publicam a nata das pesquisas. Sair em títulos como Cell, Nature ou Science dá visibilidade e é bom para a carreira dos cientistas.

“Na era digital, a figura da editora científica é ainda mais importante”, afirma Dante Cid, vice-presidente de relações acadêmicas da Elsevier no Brasil. “Ela inibe a disseminação de informações equivocadas e colabora com a distribuição da pesquisa de qualidade.” De fato, os padrões de excelência da Elsevier e de outras editoras de peso continuam altos. Mas o sistema causa distorções. “Um Newton da vida, que passava a vida toda trabalhando e publicava pouco, não teria chance no século XXI”, diz Fernando Reinach, ex-biólogo da USP.

VOIANO, B. A máquina que trava a ciência. Superinteressante. ed. 383, dez/2017. p. 40-41. [Adaptado]

Opportunity Cost

This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.

This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.

One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.

SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Opportunity Cost

This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.

This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.

One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.

SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Opportunity Cost

This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.

This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.

One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.

SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Opportunity Cost

This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.

This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.

One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.

SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.

Opportunity Cost

This phenomenon goes by the name of ‘opportunity cost,’ since by not investing in more equipment and a more rigid production flow, the company is forgoing the opportunity to earn increased profits. These costs are every bite as real as the payment of dollars out-of-pocket.

This notion _______ opportunity cost can be reinforced _________a famous saying ______ Benjamin Franklin, no slouch himself _________ operations management. To make the point, however, we must make a brief excursion into logic. One truth of logic is the validity of the so-called contrapositive, which says simply that if the statement “If A, then B” is true, then it is also true that “If not B, then not A.” That is, of every time A occurs B follows, then we can be sure that if B does not occur, then A did not occur as well. Enough logic then, and back to Ben Franklin.

One of his Poor Richard sayings is that “A penny saved is a penny earned.” We have all recognized the truth of that since childhood, but I assert that by this saying Ben showed us he knows everything about opportunity cost. After all, what is the contrapositive of “A penny not earned is a penny not saved (i.e., a penny sent). All we are saying by this notion of opportunity cost is that “a penny not earned (an opportunity forgone) is a penny spent.” We shall often have occasion to consider opportunity costs, in analyzing and deciding various operations issues.

SCHMENNER, Roger W. Production/Operations Management. 5th Edition. Prentice-Hall, 1993.